How and why do development abnormalities in plants arise?

Abstract

In this paper reasons and mechanisms of the appearance of development abnormalities in plants are considered. The frequency of abnormalities still has not been assessed. They are caused by different agents: physical (temperature, light, electromagnetic fields), chemical (nutrients, mutagens) and biotic (bacteria, viruses). When the reasons of abnormalities are unknown, it is said that they are spontaneous. Recognition of development abnormalities allows better understanding of the comparative anatomy of plants and their growth properties.