Od pasożytnictwa do mutualizmu, konsekwencje długotrwałych interakcji

Abstrakt

Summary There are described interaction between parasites and plants in nature and agrocenoses. Neotyphodium endophytes are described as symbionts which can be both, parasites and mutualists. Bacteria from the genus Wolbachia can be considered as microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction. These so called "male killers" can induce parthenogenesis in haplodiploid insects. Dark-septate endophytes (DSE) are ubiquitous fungus species noted in roots of many arcto-alpine plants. Its role is still not clearly known, but theymay play an important role in early season nitrogen uptake.